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Vesicles composed of diblock copolymers, or polymersomes, have proven to possess numerous applications ranging from drug delivery to catalytically driven nano-motors. The shape of a polymersome can be responsive to external stimuli, such as light or solvent. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal that the shape change upon the contraction of the inner volume of a polymersome vesicle occurs in two separate regimes—a stretching regime and a bending regime. The barrier is shown to be dependent on the solvent environment. These results suggest that tailoring the bending modulus of polymer membranes can be used as a design methodology to engineer new stimuli-responsive vesicles. 

Accurate and efficient prediction of drug partitioning in model membranes is of significant interest to the pharmaceutical industry. Herein, we utilize advanced sampling methods, specifically, the adaptive biasing force methodology to calculate the potential of mean force for a model hydrophobic anticancer drug, camptothecin (CPT), across three model interfaces. We consider an octanol bilayer, a thick octanol/water interface, and a model 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC)/water interface. We characterize the enthalpic and entropic contributions of the drug to the potential of mean force. We show that the rotational entropy of the drug is inversely related to the probability of hydrogen bond formation of the drug with the POPC membrane. In addition, in long-time microsecond simulations of a high concentration of CPT above the POPC membrane, we show that strong drug–drug aromatic interactions shift the spatial orientation of the drug with the membrane. Stacks of hydrophobic drugs form, allowing penetration of the drug just under the POPC head groups. These results imply that inhomogeneous membrane models need to take into account the effect of drug aggregation on the membrane environment.